Go By Example
Arrays
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var a [5]int
fmt.Println("emp:", a)
a[4] = 100
fmt.Println("set:", a)
fmt.Println("get:", a[4])
fmt.Println("len:", len(a))
b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
fmt.Println("dcl:", b)
var twoD [2][3]int
for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
twoD[i][j] = i + j
}
}
fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}
$ go run test.go
emp: [0 0 0 0 0]
set: [0 0 0 0 100]
get: 100
len: 5
dcl: [1 2 3 4 5]
2d: [[0 1 2] [1 2 3]]
https://gobyexample.com/arrays
Constants
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
)
const s string = "constant"
func main() {
fmt.Println(s)
const n = 5000000
const d = 3e20 / n
fmt.Println(d)
fmt.Println(int64(d))
fmt.Println(math.Sin(n))
}
$ go run test.go
constant
6e+13
60000000000000
-0.9765424686570829
https://gobyexample.com/constants
For
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
i := 1
for i <= 3 {
fmt.Println(i)
i = i + 1
}
for j := 7; j <= 9; j++ {
fmt.Println(j)
}
for {
fmt.Println("loop")
break
}
for n := 0; n <= 5; n++ {
if n%2 == 0 {
continue
}
fmt.Println(n)
}
}
$ go run test.go
1
2
3
7
8
9
loop
1
3
5
Maps
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
m := make(map[string]int)
m["k1"] = 7
m["k2"] = 13
fmt.Println("map:", m)
v1 := m["k1"]
fmt.Println("v1: ", v1)
fmt.Println("len:", len(m))
delete(m, "k2")
fmt.Println("map:", m)
_, prs := m["k2"]
fmt.Println("prs:", prs)
n := map[string]int{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}
fmt.Println("map:", n)
}
$ go run test.go
map: map[k1:7 k2:13]
v1: 7
len: 2
map: map[k1:7]
prs: false
map: map[foo:1 bar:2]
Range
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
nums := []int{2, 3, 4}
sum := 0
for _, num := range nums {
sum += num
}
fmt.Println("sum:", sum)
for i, num := range nums {
if num == 3 {
fmt.Println("index:", i)
}
}
kvs := map[string]string{"a": "apple", "b": "banana"}
for k, v := range kvs {
fmt.Printf("%s -> %s\n", k, v)
}
for k := range kvs {
fmt.Println("key:", k)
}
for i, c := range "go" {
fmt.Println(i, c)
}
}
$ go run test.go
sum: 9
index: 1
a -> apple
b -> banana
key: a
key: b
0 103
1 111
Slices
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
s := make([]string, 3)
fmt.Println("emp:", s)
s[0] = "a"
s[1] = "b"
s[2] = "c"
fmt.Println("set:", s)
fmt.Println("get:", s[2])
fmt.Println("len:", len(s))
s = append(s, "d")
s = append(s, "e", "f")
fmt.Println("apd:", s)
c := make([]string, len(s))
copy(c, s)
fmt.Println("cpy:", c)
l := s[2:5]
fmt.Println("sl1:", l)
l = s[:5]
fmt.Println("sl2:", l)
l = s[2:]
fmt.Println("sl3:", l)
t := []string{"g", "h", "i"}
fmt.Println("dcl:", t)
twoD := make([][]int, 3)
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
innerLen := i + 1
twoD[i] = make([]int, innerLen)
for j := 0; j < innerLen; j++ {
twoD[i][j] = i + j
}
}
fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}
$ go run test.go
emp: [ ]
set: [a b c]
get: c
len: 3
apd: [a b c d e f]
cpy: [a b c d e f]
sl1: [c d e]
sl2: [a b c d e]
sl3: [c d e f]
dcl: [g h i]
2d: [[0] [1 2] [2 3 4]]
https://gobyexample.com/slices
Switch
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
i := 2
fmt.Print("Write ", i, " as ")
switch i {
case 1:
fmt.Println("one")
case 2:
fmt.Println("two")
case 3:
fmt.Println("three")
}
switch time.Now().Weekday() {
case time.Saturday, time.Sunday:
fmt.Println("It's the weekend")
default:
fmt.Println("It's a weekday")
}
t := time.Now()
switch {
case t.Hour() < 12:
fmt.Println("It's before noon")
default:
fmt.Println("It's after noon")
}
whatAmI := func(i interface{}) {
switch t := i.(type) {
case bool:
fmt.Println("I'm a bool")
case int:
fmt.Println("I'm an int")
default:
fmt.Printf("Don't know type %T\n", t)
}
}
whatAmI(true)
whatAmI(1)
}
$ go run test.go
Write 2 as two
It's a weekday
It's before noon
I'm a bool
I'm an int
Don't know type string
Variables
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var a string = "initial"
fmt.Println(a)
var b, c int = 1, 2
fmt.Println(b, c)
var d = true
fmt.Println(d)
var e int
fmt.Println(e)
f := "short"
fmt.Println(f)
}
$ go run test.go
initial
1 2
true
0
short
Closures
package main
import "fmt"
func intSeq() func() int {
i := 0
return func() int {
i++
return i
}
}
func main() {
nextInt := intSeq()
fmt.Println(nextInt())
fmt.Println(nextInt())
fmt.Println(nextInt())
newInts := intSeq()
fmt.Println(newInts())
}
$ go run test.go
1
2
3
1
https://gobyexample.com/closures
Functions
package main
import "fmt"
func plus(a int, b int) int {
return a + b
}
func plusplus(a, b, c int) int {
return a + b + c
}
func main() {
res := plus(1, 2)
fmt.Println("1+2=", res)
res = plusplus(1, 2, 3)
fmt.Println("1+2=", res)
}
$ go run test.go
1+2= 3
1+2= 6
https://gobyexample.com/functions
Multiple Return Values
package main
import "fmt"
func vals() (int, int) {
return 3, 7
}
func main() {
a, b := vals()
fmt.Println(a)
fmt.Println(b)
_, c := vals()
fmt.Println(c)
}
$ go run test.go
3
7
7
https://gobyexample.com/multiple-return-values
Pointers
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func zeroval(ival int) {
ival = 0
}
func zeroptr(iptr *int) {
*iptr = 0
}
func main() {
i := 1
fmt.Println("initial:", i)
zeroval(i)
fmt.Println("zeroval:", i)
zeroptr(&i)
fmt.Println("zeroptr:", i)
fmt.Println("pointer:", &i)
}
$ go run test.go
initial: 1
zeroval: 1
zeroptr: 0
pointer: 0xc0420160b8
https://gobyexample.com/pointers
Recursion
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func fact(n int) int {
if n == 0 {
return 1
}
return n * fact(n-1)
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(fact(7))
}
$ go run test.go
5040
https://gobyexample.com/recursion
Structs
package main
import "fmt"
type person struct {
name string
age int
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(person{"Bob", 20})
fmt.Println(person{name: "Alice", age: 30})
fmt.Println(person{name: "Fred"})
fmt.Println(&person{name: "Ann", age: 40})
s := person{name: "Sean", age: 50}
fmt.Println(s.name)
sp := &s
fmt.Println(sp.age)
sp.age = 51
fmt.Println(sp.age)
}
$ go run test.go
{Bob 20}
{Alice 30}
{Fred 0}
&{Ann 40}
Sean
50
51
https://gobyexample.com/structs
Variadic Functions
package main
import "fmt"
func sum(nums ...int) {
fmt.Print(nums, " ")
total := 0
for _, num := range nums {
total += num
}
fmt.Println(total)
}
func main() {
sum(1, 2)
sum(1, 2, 3)
nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
sum(nums...)
}
$ go run test.go
[1 2] 3
[1 2 3] 6
[1 2 3 4] 10
https://gobyexample.com/variadic-functions
Channel Buffering
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
messages := make(chan string, 2)
messages <- "buffered"
messages <- "channel"
fmt.Println(<-messages)
fmt.Println(<-messages)
}
$ go run test.go
buffered
channel
https://gobyexample.com/channel-buffering
Channel Directions
package main
import "fmt"
func ping(pings chan<- string, msg string) {
pings <- msg
}
func pong(pings <-chan string, pongs chan<- string) {
msg := <-pings
pongs <- msg
}
func main() {
pings := make(chan string, 1)
pongs := make(chan string, 1)
ping(pings, "passed message")
pong(pings, pongs)
fmt.Println(<-pongs)
}
$ go run test.go
passed message
https://gobyexample.com/channel-directions
Channels
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
messages := make(chan string)
go func() {
messages <- "ping"
}()
msg := <-messages
fmt.Println(msg)
}
$ go run test.go
ping
https://gobyexample.com/channels
Errors
package main
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
)
func f1(arg int) (int, error) {
if arg == 42 {
return -1, errors.New("can't work with 42")
}
return arg + 3, nil
}
type argError struct {
arg int
prob string
}
func (e *argError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%d - %s", e.arg, e.prob)
}
func f2(arg int) (int, error) {
if arg == 42 {
return -1, &argError{arg, "can't work with it"}
}
return arg + 3, nil
}
func main() {
for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
if r, e := f1(i); e != nil {
fmt.Println("f1 failed: ", e)
} else {
fmt.Println("f1 worked: ", r)
}
}
for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
if r, e := f2(i); e != nil {
fmt.Println("f2 failed: ", e)
} else {
fmt.Println("f2 worked: ", r)
}
}
_, e := f2(42)
if ae, ok := e.(*argError); ok {
fmt.Println(ae.arg)
fmt.Println(ae.prob)
}
}
$ go run test.go
f1 worked: 10
f1 failed: can't work with 42
f2 worked: 10
f2 failed: 42 - can't work with it
42
can't work with it
https://gobyexample.com/errors
Goroutines
package main
import "fmt"
func f(from string) {
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
fmt.Println(from, ":", i)
}
}
func main() {
f("direct")
go f("goroutine")
go func(msg string) {
fmt.Println(msg)
}("going")
fmt.Scanln()
fmt.Println("done")
}
https://gobyexample.com/goroutines
Interfaces
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
)
type geometry interface {
area() float64
perim() float64
}
type rect struct {
width, height float64
}
type circle struct {
radius float64
}
func (r rect) area() float64 {
return r.width * r.height
}
func (r rect) perim() float64 {
return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
}
func (c circle) area() float64 {
return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius
}
func (c circle) perim() float64 {
return 2 * math.Pi * c.radius
}
func measure(g geometry) {
fmt.Println(g)
fmt.Println(g.area())
fmt.Println(g.perim())
}
func main() {
r := rect{width: 3, height: 4}
c := circle{radius: 5}
measure(r)
measure(c)
}
$ go run test.go
{3 4}
12
14
{5}
78.53981633974483
31.41592653589793
https://gobyexample.com/interfaces
Methods
package main
import "fmt"
type rect struct {
width, height int
}
func (r *rect) area() int {
return r.width * r.height
}
func (r rect) perim() int {
return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
}
func main() {
r := rect{width: 10, height: 5}
fmt.Println("area: ", r.area())
fmt.Println("perim: ", r.perim())
rp := &r
fmt.Println("area: ", rp.area())
fmt.Println("perim: ", rp.perim())
}
$ go run test.go
area: 50
perim: 30
area: 50
perim: 30
https://gobyexample.com/methods
Select
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
c1 := make(chan string)
c2 := make(chan string)
go func() {
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
c1 <- "one"
}()
go func() {
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
c2 <- "two"
}()
for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
select {
case msg1 := <-c1:
fmt.Println("received", msg1)
case msg2 := <-c2:
fmt.Println("received", msg2)
}
}
}
$ time go run test.go
received one
received two
